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  With Us or Against Us

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  The CERI Series in International Relations and

  Political Economy

  Series Editor, Christophe Jaffrelot

  This series consists of works emanating from the foremost French research center in

  international studies, the Paris-based Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales

  (CERI), part of Sciences Po and associated with CNRS (Centre National de la

  Recherche Scientifique).

  Founded in 1952, CERI has about sixty fellows drawn from different disciplines who

  conduct research on comparative political analysis, international relations, regionalism,

  transnational flows, political sociology, political economy and on individual states.

  This series focuses on the transformations of the international arena, in a world where

  the state, though its sovereignty is questioned, reinvents itself. The series explores the

  effects on international relations and the world economy of regionalization, globalization

  (not only of trade and finance but also of culture), and transnational flows at large.This

  evolution in world affairs sustains a variety of networks from the ideological to the crim-

  inal or terrorist. Besides the geopolitical transformations of the globalized planet, the new

  political economy of the world has a decided impact on its destiny as well, and this series

  hopes to uncover what that is.

  Published by Palgrave Macmillan:

  Politics In China: Moving Frontiers

  edited by Françoise Mengin and Jean-Louis Rocca

  Tropical Forests, International Jungle:The Underside of Global Ecopolitics

  by Marie-Claude Smouts, translated by Cynthia Schoch

  The Political Economy of Emerging Markets:Actors, Institutions and Financial Crises in

  Latin America

  by Javier Santiso

  Cyber China: Reshaping National Identities in the Age of Information

  edited by Françoise Mengin

  With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism

  edited by Tony Judt and Denis Lacorne

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  With Us or Against Us

  Studies in Global

  Anti-Americanism

  Edited by

  Tony Judt

  and

  Denis Lacorne

  * * *

  WITH US OR AGAINST US

  © Tony Judt and Denis Lacorne, 2005.

  Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-6951-4

  All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any

  manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief

  quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.

  First published in 2005 by

  PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™

  175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and

  Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS

  Companies and representatives throughout the world.

  PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave

  Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

  Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom

  and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European

  Union and other countries.

  ISBN 978-1-349-53135-6 ISBN 978-1-4039-8085-4 (eBook)

  DOI 10.1057/9781403980854

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  With us or against us : studies in global anti-Americanism / edited by

  Denis Lacorne, Tony Judt.

  p. cm. — (CERI series in international relations and

  political economy)

  Papers derived from a conference jointly organized by the Remarque

  Institute and the Paris Center for the Study of International Relations

  (CERI) held in Paris in the fall of 2002.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  1. Anti-Americanism—Congresses. 2. United States—Relations—

  Foreign countries—Congresses. 3. September 11 Terrorist Attacks,

  2001—Congresses. I. Lacorne, Denis. II. Judt, Tony. III. Series.

  E840.W56 2005

  327.73⬘009⬘0511—dc22

  2005040025

  A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

  Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.

  First edition: June 2005

  10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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  C ontents

  Acknowledgments

  vii

  Notes on Contributors

  ix

  Introduction: The Banality of Anti-Americanism

  1

  Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt

  1. A New Master Narrative? Reflections on

  Contemporary Anti-Americanism

  11

  Tony Judt

  2. Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia:

  A French Perspective

  35

  Denis Lacorne

  3. Anti-Americanism in French and

  European Public Opinion

  59

  Gérard Grunberg

  4. Is There a New Anti-Americanism? Reflections

  on Germany in Times of Global Simultaneity

  75

  Detlev Claussen

  5. America’s Best Friends in Europe: East-Central European

  Perceptions and Policies toward the United States

  93

  Jacques Rupnik

  6. The Special Russian Way: The Origin and Evolution of

  Russian Perceptions about the United States

  115

  Nikolai Zlobin

  7. Saudi Perceptions of the United States since 9/11

  141

  F. Gregory Gause, III

  8. The Palestinian Perception of America after 9/11

  157

  Camille Mansour

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  vi

  C ontents

  9. Anti-Americanism in Pakistan

  173

  Mohammad Waseem

  10. Three Sources of Anti-Americanism in Iran

  189

  Morad Saghafi

  11. Uncle Sam to the Rescue? The Political Impact of

  American Involvement in ASEAN Security and

  Political Issues in the Wake of 9/11

  207

  Farish A. Noor

  * * *

  A cknowledgments

  Our primary purpose in publishing this volume—derived from a

  conference jointly organized by the Remarque Institute and the Paris

  Center for the Study of International Relations (CERI), held in Paris

  in the Fall of 2002—is to describe the complexity of anti-American

  sentiment in six distinct parts of the world: Western and Eastern

  Europe, Russia, the Middle-East, and Central and Southeast Asia.

  Publication of the conference proceedings was delayed in order to

  allow all the contributors to update their essays after the American

  invasion of Iraq. The case studies in this volume were selected to

  present a comprehensive understanding of Western and non-Western

  perceptions of the United States since the second World War.*

  We would like to thank Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Ali Buzurukov,

  Christophe Jaffrelot, Ivan Krastev, Zaki Laïdi, Philippe Roger, and

  Olivier Roy for acting as participants
and discussants at the conference.

  Their insightful comments were particularly helpful to the authors in

  preparing the present volume.

  This project would not have been possible without the generous

  help of the German Marshall Fund of the United States.

  * Some contributors have chosen to cover a longer historical period, starting either

  with the very foundation of the United States or with the first U.S. settlements in Asia.

  See chapters 10 and 11. For practical reasons, we were not able to include Latin

  American countries, India, China, and Japan among our case studies.

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  This page intentionally left blank

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  N otes on Contributors

  Detlev Claussen, professor for sociology and theory of culture and

  science at Hannover University (Germany), is the author of Theodor W.

  Adorno. Ein letztes Genie (Frankfurt/Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 2003)

  and Grenzen der Aufklärung. Zur gesellschaftsgeschichtlichen Genese des

  Antisemitismus (Frankfurt/Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 2005).

  F. Gregory Gause, III, associate professor of political science at the

  University of Vermont (United States) and director of the Middle

  East Studies Program. He is the author of Oil Monarchies (New York:

  Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994) and has published numerous

  articles on the politics of the Arabian Peninsula and the broader

  Middle East.

  Gérard Grunberg, deputy director and vice-provost for research,

  Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), is the author of

  Vers un socialisme européen? (Paris: Hachette, 1997) and the coeditor

  of La démocratie à l’épreuve, Une nouvelle approche de l’opinion des

  Français (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2002).

  Tony Judt, Erich Maria Remarque professor of European studies

  and director of the Remarque Institute at New York University

  (United States), is the author of Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals,

  1944–1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), The

  Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French

  Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), and

  Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (Penguin, United States,

  2005).

  Denis Lacorne, research director at the CERI/Fondation Nationale

  des Sciences Politiques (Paris, France), and director of studies at

  the Graduate School of the Institut d’études politiques de Paris, is

  the author of L’Invention de la république. Le modèle américain (Paris:

  Hachette, 1991) and La Crise de l’identité américaine. Du melting pot

  au multiculturalisme (Paris: Gallimard, 2005, 2nd edition). He is the

  coeditor, with Tony Judt, of Language, Nation and State. Identity

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  x

  N otes on Contributors

  Politics in a Multilingual Age (New York: Palgrave, 2004) and is

  completing a book on religion and politics in the United States (Paris:

  Gallimard, 2006).

  Camille Mansour, professor of international relations and Middle

  Eastern Studies at Paris I and Versailles Universities, is the author of

  Beyond Alliance: Israel in U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia

  University Press, 1994) and the editor of Israel: A General Survey

  (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2004). He is the editor-in-chief

  of the Palestine Yearbook of International Law, published jointly by

  the Institute of Law at Birzeit University and Martinus Nijhoff

  Publishers (The Hague).

  Farish A. Noor, a Malaysian political scientist and human rights

  activist, is a researcher at the Zentrum Moderner Orient (Berlin,

  Germany) and the author of Islam Embedded: The Historical

  Development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS’ (Kuala Lumpur:

  MSRI, 2004) and The Other Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur: Silverfish,

  2003). He has written extensively on religiopolitical movements and

  parties in Southeast Asia.

  Jacques Rupnik, research director at the CERI/Fondation Nationale

  des Sciences Politiques (France), is the coauthor of L’Europe des Vingt

  Cinq (Paris: Autrement, 2004), the editor of Les Européens face à

  l’élargissement. Perceptions, acteurs, enjeux (Paris: Presses de Sciences

  Po, 2004), and the coeditor with Denis Lacorne and Marie-France

  Toinet of The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism. A Century of French

  Perception (London: Macmillan, 1990).

  Morad Saghafi, is the editor-in-chief, Goft-o-gu (Tehran, Iran).

  Mohammad Waseem, professor of political science and chair of the

  international relations department at the Quaid-i-Azam University

  (Islamabad, Pakistan), is the author of Politics and the State in Pakistan

  (1989) and of The 1993 Elections in Pakistan (1994). He held the

  Pakistan Chair at St Antony’s College (Oxford), from 1995 to 1999

  and is on the editorial board of three major academic journals:

  Ethnicities (Bristol), Contemporary South Asia (Bradford), and

  International Studies (New Delhi).

  Nikolai V. Zlobin, former professor at Moscow State University is

  senior fellow and director of Russian and Asian Programs at the

  Center for Defense Information (Washington, D.C., United States)

  and the author of International Communications (Chicago: M.E.

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  N otes on Contributors

  xi

  Sharpe, 2004). A leading expert on international security, terrorism,

  and relations between the United States and Russia, he is the exe-

  cutive editor of Demokratizatsiya, the Journal of Post-Soviet

  Democratization and the president of Washington ProFile, an interna-

  tional news agency, which he founded in 2001. He also writes a regu-

  lar column for the Russain daily, Izvestia.

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  I n t r o d u c t i o n

  T he Banality of

  A nti-Americanism

  Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt

  A nti-Americanism is above all about perceptions. Nothing is more

  difficult to preserve than the good image of a country, particularly when

  the country—like the United States—claims to set the tone for the rest

  of the world and insists on the highest possible standards of freedom

  and democracy. Unexpected events can deeply affect perceptions. The

  traumatic events of 9/11 certainly generated sympathy throughout

  the world. But the invasion of Iraq, the split between the United States

  and “Old Europe,” the poor management of an unprecedented exper-

  iment in nation building, and the revelations about the tortures in the

  Abu Ghraib jail have seriously damaged the image of the United States

  and led numerous Americans to reassess their understanding of the

  proper response to the attack of 9/11.

  The first, most obvious form of anti-Americanism is anti-Bushism—

  a widespread phenomenon, both in the United States and in the rest

  of the world. Consider, for instance, the opinion of a prominent British

  Tory, Michael Portillo, who had strongly supported the war in Iraq

  and initially saw no problem with “the younger Bush’s robust foreign

  policy.” Shocked at the Abu Ghraib prison atrocities, astonished that

  “such a formidable executive has ma
de so many disastrous mistakes,”

  he could only conclude that “For America to brush away its recent

  disgraces, the electorate will have to bin this administration. I never

  expected to say this to my American friends: vote Democrat.”1 Or

  again, consider the opinion of a leading American businessman, Eric

  Best, a managing director at Morgan Stanley, who declared at about

  the same time: “I can testify to the extraordinary destruction of

  ‘American Brand Value’ accomplished by this administration, from

  Europe to Hong Kong to Shangai to Tokyo, and beyond [. . .] If any

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  2

  D enis Lacorne and Tony Judt

  CEO of a global multinational had accomplished this for his enterprise

  as quickly and radically as George Bush Jr. has done for the U.S., he

  would be replaced by the board in no time.”2

  A poor image can be repaired and the Bush administration has

  spent considerable time and energy, in 2004, trying to improve per-

  ceptions through renewing a more consensual form of multilateral

  diplomacy, as demonstrated in a series of diplomatic events: the D-Day

  commemorations in Normandy, the G-8 gathering in Georgia, the

  reunion with EU leaders in Dublin, and the Istanbul NATO summit.

  June 2004 was “arguably . . . the most intense month of summitry in

  the history of the Atlantic alliance.”3 Bush has been frantically trying

  to achieve what John Kerry had announced he would do a genuine

  trans-Atlantic reconciliation. But, in the end, it is not a board of direc-

  tors that decides who is responsible for the destruction of the

  “American Brand Value,” but the American people themselves.

  Of course, there are other forms of anti-Americanism than anti-

  Bushism. Anti-Americanism is as old as America itself. It can be defen-

  sive or reactive, rational or irrational, popular or elitist, political or

  cultural; it can center on economic or religious issues or on no partic-

  ular issue at all.4 In its mildest form, anti-Americanism is merely criticism

  of some American policies or social characteristics. At the other extreme,

  it expresses a real clash of civilizations, the complete rejection of anything